Грамматика китайского языка

Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units in Chinese, often appearing as prefixes or suffixes that modify the meaning or grammatical function of a word.

These words are placed after a noun to specify its location or position, such as "on," "under," "inside," "outside," "front," and "back."

Modal verbs (能愿动词) like 会 (huì), 能 (néng), 想 (xiǎng), and 要 (yào) are used before main verbs to express ability, possibility, desire, or intention.

可以 (kěyǐ) is a modal verb used to express permission, indicating that something is allowed, or to express possibility, indicating that something is feasible.

Separable verbs (离合词) are two-character Chinese verbs that can be split apart to insert other words or take an object, behaving like a verb-object compound.

Interrogative pronouns are words used to ask questions, replacing the unknown part of a sentence, similar to 'wh-' words in English.

Personal pronouns are words that replace nouns, referring to people, animals, or things, indicating who or what is performing an action or being discussed.

Demonstrative pronouns are used to point out specific people, objects, or locations, indicating 'this,' 'that,' 'these,' 'those,' 'here,' or 'there.'

Numerals are words used to express quantities, counts, or order, forming the foundation for expressing amounts in Chinese.

Measure words are essential in Chinese, used between a number and a noun to quantify it, indicating "how many of what kind."

Adverbs of degree (非常, 很, 太, 真, 有（一）点儿) are used to express the extent or intensity of an adjective or a psychological verb.

Scope adverbs like 都 (dōu) and 也 (yě) are placed after the subject and before the verb or adjective to indicate the extent or inclusion of an action or state.

都 (dōu) is an adverb used to indicate that all or both members of a plural subject share a common characteristic, action, or state.

Frequency adverbs in Chinese describe how often an action occurs, indicating the regularity or repetition of an event.

再 (zài) is an adverb used to indicate that an action will happen again, later, or to a greater extent, always referring to future or hypothetical situations.

Correlative conjunctions like 因为...所以... are used to connect two clauses, clearly indicating a cause-and-effect relationship between them.

The adverb "还" (hái) is used to indicate that an action or state continues, or that something is still true or happening.

The preposition 在 (zài) is used to introduce the location or time where an action takes place, indicating "at," "in," or "on."

This grammar point teaches how to specify the recipient or co-actor of an action using prepositions like 跟 (gēn) and 给 (gěi) in Chinese sentences.

This grammar point explains how to use conjunctions, primarily 和 (hé), to link two nouns or noun phrases, expressing the meaning of 'and'.

和 (hé) is a conjunction used to connect two or more nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases, meaning 'and' or 'with'.

Structural particles are grammatical words that connect different parts of a sentence, indicating a structural relationship, with '的' being the most common at HSK1.

的 (de) is a versatile particle used to link a modifying element (like a pronoun, noun, or adjective) to a noun, indicating possession, description, or a relationship.

The particle 了 (le) is placed after a verb to indicate that an action has been completed or has occurred.

The particle 了 (le) is used to indicate the completion of an action or a change in situation, often signifying something new or different.

Modal particles are words placed at the end of a Chinese sentence to express mood, attitude, or to indicate a question, adding nuance to the statement.

The modal particle "吧" is placed at the end of a sentence to express suggestion, a mild command, agreement, or a rhetorical question seeking confirmation.

喂 (wèi) is an interjection primarily used to get someone's attention, most commonly when answering or initiating a phone call, similar to "Hello?" in English.

This grammar point introduces the fundamental ways Chinese words combine to form meaningful phrases, helping learners understand basic sentence construction.

These are the fundamental ways words combine to form meaningful phrases in Chinese, serving as the building blocks for more complex sentences.

This grammar point introduces three fundamental phrase structures in Mandarin Chinese: numeral-measure word-noun phrases, prepositional phrases, and locative phrases, essential for HSK 1 learners.

The subject in a Chinese sentence indicates who or what performs the action or is described, typically being a noun, pronoun, or nominal phrase.

The predicate is the part of a Chinese sentence that describes the subject's action, state, or characteristic, typically containing a verb or an adjective.

An adverbial modifier (状语) is a word or phrase that modifies a verb or adjective, providing information about how, when, where, or to what extent an action or state occurs.

These are the three fundamental subject-predicate sentence structures in Mandarin Chinese, categorized by whether the predicate is a verb, adjective, or noun.

These are Chinese sentences that do not contain a clear subject and predicate, often consisting of a single word or a short phrase to express a complete idea.

A declarative sentence states a fact, an opinion, or describes an event, providing information without asking a question or giving a command.

Interrogative sentences are used to ask for information and are formed using particles like '吗', interrogative pronouns, or affirmative-negative constructions.

Imperative sentences are used to give commands, make requests, or express prohibitions in Chinese.

Exclamatory sentences (感叹句) are used to express strong emotions like surprise, admiration, or dissatisfaction, often emphasizing the high degree of a quality.

This grammar point introduces the basic use of 是 (shì) to state that something *is* something else, indicating identity or belonging to a category.

This grammar point introduces the basic use of the verb 有 (yǒu) to express possession, indicating that a subject owns or has an object.

These sentences describe the existence or location of people or objects in a specific place, using either 是 (shì) or 有 (yǒu).

This structure describes two or more actions performed by the same subject, happening one after another, often with the second action indicating the purpose or method of the first.

This grammar point introduces double-object sentences where the verb describes the manner of conveying the direct object to the indirect object, often implying a purpose for the recipient.

This grammar point describes how two independent clauses can be combined into a single compound sentence using only a comma, implying a clear relationship without explicit conjunctions.

This grammar point explains how to connect two clauses that express parallel actions, states, or additional information using 也 (yě) for "also" and 还 (hái) for "in addition."

The particle 'le' (了) is used after a verb to indicate a completed action, or at the end of a sentence to signify a change of state or a new situation.

Used to indicate that a subject expresses or shows a feeling, opinion, or action, or that something signifies a particular meaning.

The particle 'le' immediately follows a verb to indicate the completion or accomplishment of an action, often translating to past tense in English.

表示 (biǎoshì) is a verb used to mean 'to express', 'to show', or 'to indicate' a feeling, opinion, or fact.

The Progressive Aspect (进行态) indicates that an action is currently in progress or ongoing at a specific point in time.

This grammar point explains how to form ordinal numbers in Chinese by placing 第 (dì) before a cardinal number, indicating 'the first', 'the second', and so on.

This grammar point teaches how to express dates, including years, months, days, and days of the week, as well as how to state specific times in hours and minutes in Mandarin Chinese.